cranio-, crani-, cran- +

The creation of an opening in the cranium with a burr or bur (rotary instrument used to create openings in teeth, bones, or similar hard material); or a trephine (surgical instrument used to remove sections of bone from the skull).

Referring to the skull and the middle ear.

Inflammation of the cranium; osteomyelitis.

1. The skull of a vertebrate; especially, the part that covers, or encloses, the brain.
2. The upper portion of the skull, which protects the brain.

The bones of the cranium include the frontal, parietal (main side bone of the skull), occipital (back of head), temporal, sphenoid (wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull), ethmoid (irregularly shaped, spongy bone that provides the floor of the front part of the skull) and the roof of the nose, lacrimal (tear gland), and nasal (nose) bones; the concha nasalis; and the vomer (triangular bone in the nasal septum or dividing wall within the nose).

3. Etymology: from about 1543, from Medieval Latin (Latin as written and spoken c.700-c.1500), "cranium"; from Greek kranion, "skull"; related to kara, "head". Primarily a reference to the bones which enclose the brain.

That part of the skull that encloses the brain and is directly supported by the vertebral column.

It is formed by the occipital (back part of the head), two parietal (walls of a cavity), two temporal (temple or temples), sphenoid ( butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull), and ethmoid (small bone filled with air spaces that forms part of the eye sockets and the nasal cavity) bones.

The facial skeleton that encloses the mouth and nose, and helps to form, with the cerebral cranium, the orbit that encloses the eyes.

It includes the movable mandible (lower jawbone hinged to open the mouth) and the hyoid bone that supports the tongue and is suspended from the base of the skull.

In the embryo, the earliest form of the skull.

Within the cranium or within the skull.

1. Within the cranium.
2. Relating to the endocranium (lining membrane of the cranium, or dura mater which is the outermost, toughest and most fibrous of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord of the brain).

A reference to the epicranium (upper and superficial part of the head, including the scalp, muscles, etc.); such as, epicranial muscles.

1. The upper and superficial part of the head, including the scalp, muscles, etc.
2. The muscle and aponeurosis and skin covering the cranium.
3. The layer of scalp formed by muscle and flattened tendon.
4. The structures collectively that cover the skull.

A pain that affects only one side of the head; a migraine.

1. Separation and reflection of the greater part or all of one half of the cranium, as a preliminary to an operation upon the brain.
2. The exposure of half of the brain by sectioning the vault of the skull from front to back near the median line and forcing the entire side outward.

Within the skull or cranium.

An exceptionally large cranium in relation to the face, a characteristic of hydrocephalus.