grapho-, graph-, -graph, -graphy, -grapher, -graphia

1. An image tube used in astronomy in which the electron image formed by the tube is recorded directly on a film or on film plates.
2. An instrument consisting of an electron tube in which an accelerated beam of electrons produces images on a fine-grain photographic emulsion.

An image produced with this tool.

1. The production of an image or images using an electronograph (device using an accelerated beam of electrons).
2. The use of image tubes to form intensified electron images of astronomical objects and record them directly on film or film-plates

The instrument used in electronystagmography or a method for measuring the electricity generated by eye movements.

Electrodes are placed on the skin around the eye and the individual is subjected to a variety of stimuli so that the quality of eye movements can be determined.

1. A method of recording nystagmus (involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes) activity by detecting the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles.
2. A method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electric activity of the extraocular muscles.
3. The registering of eye movements in spontaneous and induced nystagmus, using either a bioelectric or a photoelectric technique.

The bioelectric method records the changes in electrical potential produced by movements of the eye in the plane of two electrodes placed on either side of the eye or, if vertical nystagmus is to be measured, then the two electrodes are positioned above and below the eye.

Its important clinical application is the testing of vestibular function or the sense of balance and spatial orientation.

An apparatus for measuring the speed and direction of eye movements by registerig differences in electric potential.

1. Oculography in which electrodes placed on the skin adjacent to the eyes measure changes in standing potential between the front and back of the eyeball as the eyes move.
2. A sensitive electrical test for detection of retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction.
3. The study and interpretation of electroencephalograms made by moving the eyes a constant distance between two fixed points.
4. The recording and interpretation of the voltages which go with eye movements.

Eye-position voltages from electrodes placed on the skin near the eye are amplified and applied to a strip-chart recorder.

A technique for recording the timing and location of tongue contact with the hard palate during speech, using an artificial palate that fits against the roof of the mouth of the mouth and has electrodes embedded on the surface that faces the tongue.

A computer records and displays the pattern of the pulses generated by contact of the tongue with the electrodes.

An image formed by means of an electrostatic copying system or electrophotography.

A reference to the printing technique used in copy machines, laser and LED printers.

It uses electrostatic charges, dry ink (toner) and light to produce images on paper.

The process in which images are formed by various electrical and photographic means.

Examples are processes employing selenium-coated drums or zinc-oxide-coated paper.

1. Any form of photography that uses electricity to transfer an image onto paper; such as, in laser printing and photocopying.
2. A kind of photography using electric rather than chemical processes to transfer an image onto paper, as in xerography.
3. An electrostatic image-forming process in which light, X-rays, or gamma rays form an electrostatic image on a photoconductive, insulating medium.

The charged image areas attract and hold a fine powder called a toner, and the powder image is then transferred to paper or fused there by heat.

Electrophotography now includes both xerography and xeroradiography.

An electrical apparatus that records respiratory (breathing) movements.

An instrument for measuring the electrical response of the human retina to light stimulation.

1. The recording and interpretation of the voltage generated by the retina of the eye.

An electrode placed on a plastic contact lens is used to pick up voltage from the surface of the eyeball.

2. A test in which the electrical potentials generated by the retina of the eye are measured when the retina is stimulated by light.

The instrument used to do such electroretinography is known as an electroretinograph and the resultant recording is called an electroretinogram.

In an ERG, an electrode is placed on the cornea at the front of the eye. The electrode measures the electrical response of the rods and cones, and the visual cells in the retina at the back of the eye.

An ERG (electroretinograph) may be useful in the evaluation of hereditary and acquired disorders of the retina.

A normal ERG shows the appropriate responses with increased light intensity. An abnormal ERG is found in conditions; such as, arteriosclerosis of the retina, detachment of the retina, and temporal arteritis with eye involvement.