trans-, tran-, tra-

An instrument part which determines a fluid pressure and produces an electrical, mechanical, or pneumatic signal related to the pressure.

Although pneumatic and mechanical transducers are commonly used, electrical measurement of pressure is often preferred because of a need for long-distance transmission, higher accuracy requirements, more favorable economics, or quicker responses.

Electrical pressure transducers may be classified depending on the operating principle as resistive transducers, strain gages, magnetic transducers, crystal transducers, capacitive transducers, or resonant transducers.

The application of weak electrical currents to modulate the activity of neurons in the brain: Electrical transcranial simulations involve procedures that utilize small pulses of electric current across a patient's head in an attempt to treat anxiety, depression, insomnia, stress, or drug addiction.

1. A recording of a complete radio program, made especially for broadcast purposes.
2. A radio broadcast from a phonograph record or the phonograph record itself.
3. A radio program broadcast from a special phonograph record or tape recording or the recording itself.

When radio stations first started to record programs, they recorded on "electrical transcription disks".

Any voltage or current that deviates from the normal steady-state condition.

A device that produces energy waves from electricity to sound or from sound to electricity: Examples of electroacoustic transducers include such devices as microphones, earphones, and loudspeakers.

An instrument that converts dynamic physical forces into electric signals.

1. A wave produced by the oscillation of an electric charge or a wave in which there are both electric and magnetic displacements.
2. A transverse wave associated with the transmission of electromagnetic energy.

Instruments that consist of a magnet, generally rare earth (either samarium cobalt or neodymium iron boron), and an energizing coil.

The magnet is attached to the ossicular chain (any of certain small bones, as those of the middle ear), tympanic membrane, or the inner ear (round window or fenestra).

A fluctuating magnetic field is generated when the coil is energized by a signal, which corresponds to an acoustic input and this magnetic field causes the magnet to vibrate.

The vibrating magnet, in turn, causes movement of either the ossicular chain or the cochlear fluids directly.

The force generated is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the coil and magnet (e.g., doubling the distance between the magnet and coil results in an output of one-fourth the force); therefore, these two components must be maintained in close proximity to one another to realize an efficient system.

1. An instrument that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy or a reverse process.
2. A transducer (electrical device that converts one form of energy into another) for receiving waves from an electric system and delivering waves to a mechanical system, or the reverse.

A variation of electromagnetic transduction.

In electromagnetic devices, it is often difficult to control the spatial relationship of the magnet and coil.

Because the magnet is attached to one portion of the anatomy and the coil attached to another part, the patient may observe a wide variation in performance.

As the relationship between the coil and the magnet changes, it results in a variance of the frequency response and a significant fluctuation of output levels.

An electromechanical device has an energizing coil and a magnet that are housed within an assembly which optimizes spatial and geometric relationships in order to avoid variability.

The electromechanical transducer directly connects to the ossicular chain (any of certain small bones, as those of the middle ear) to transmit the mechanical energy that is produced.

An electrode through which the electron stream (beam) passes.

This includes the ratio of the average stream current through the electrode to the stream current approaching the electrode.

The passage of a stable subatomic particle that goes from one atom or molecule to another one either by collision or by other procedures: The electron transfer from one part of a system to another component.

The time required for electrons to travel between two electrodes in a vacuum tube.

Such time is extremely important in tubes designed for ultrahigh frequencies.

The change of an electron from one situation to another one, accompanied by the emission or an absorption of electromagnetic radiation.

A process of biological oxidation in which electrons are transferred from a reduced substrate through a series of compounds to oxygen, the energy of the process being conserved by the formation of high-energy bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate (an organic compound composed of adenine or base, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups) which serves as the major energy source within a cell to drive a number of biological processes; such as, photosynthesis, muscle contraction, and the synthesis of proteins.