-ology, -logy, -ologist, -logist

1. An acknowledgment expressing regret or asking for a pardon for a fault or an offense.
2. A formal justification or defense.
3. An expression of regret at having caused trouble or embarrassment for someone.
4. Etymology: "defense, justification", from Late Latin apologia, from Greek apologia, "a speech in defense", from apologeisthai, "to speak in one's defense", from apologos, "an account, a story"; from apo-, "from, off" + logos, "speech".

Someone who specializes in the study of spiders: Susan's mother wanted to become an arachnidologist and be an expert in arachnids, including not only spiders, but also ticks, scorpions, mites and harvestmen.

A branch of zoology that is concerned with arachnids: Since John was fascinated by scorpions and spiders, he decided to study arachnidology after finishing school!

A student of, or someone who is proficient in learning about spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks: Jim's mother was an arachnologist and was an expert in the field of arachnids.

A web of arachnologists.

A department of zoology relating to spiders or the Arachnida generally: Peter was especially interested in zoology and chose the field of arachnolgy instead of the field of ornithology like he originally intended.

A specialist in any one of more than 300 viruses transmitted by the saliva of insects: "An arborvirologist studies a large group of viruses transmitted by arthropods; such as, mosquitoes and ticks, that include the causative agents of encephalitis, yellow fever, and dengue."

A branch of virology that deals with the branch of microbiology that deals with the study of viruses (submicroscopic infectious organisms) and viral diseases (microorganism that causes many common human infections).

The branch pf geology pertaining to ancient geological conditions or situations: Wendy was quite interested in the geological formations of the distant past and so she decided to study archaeogeology at the university in her city.

An archaeological timeline or timescale: An archaeological chronology is an establishment of the temporal sequences of human cultures by the application of a variety of dating methods of cultural remains.

The use of geological techniques and methods in archaeological work: Archeological geology is different from geoarchaeology in that it is a subfield of archaeology focusing on the physical context of deposits.

The scientific study and reconstruction of the human past through the systematic recovery of the physical remains of man's life and cultures: Artifacts, structures, settlements, materials, and features of prehistoric or ancient peoples are all part of archaeology including being surveyed and/or excavated to uncover history in times before written records.

Archaeology also supplements the study of recorded history. From the end of the 18th century onwards, archaeology has come to mean the branch of learning which studies the material remains of mankind's past. Its scope is, therefore, enormous, ranging from the first stone tools made and fashioned by man over three million years ago in Africa, to the garbage thrown into our trash cans and taken to city dumps and incinerators yesterday.

The objectives of archaeology are to construct cultural history by ordering and describing the events of the past, to study cultural processes to explain the meaning of those events and what underlies and conditions human behavior, and to reconstruct past lifeways.

Among the specialties in the field are: archaeobiology, archaeobotany, archaeozoology, and social archaeology. Modern archaeology, which is often considered a subdiscipline of anthropology, has become increasingly scientific and relies on a wide variety of experts, such as biologists, geologists, physicists, sociologists, anthropologists, and historians.

The methods appropriate to different periods vary, leading to specialized branches of the subject, e.g. classical, medieval, industrial, etc. archaeology.

A scientist who studies animal bones in order to calculate the minimum numbers of individuals belonging to each animal species found: An archaeozoologist appraises their size, age, gender, stature, dentition, and whether the bones have any marks from implements implying butchering and eating.

Archaeozoologists analyze the animal remains from different parts of a site in order to understand some of the internal organizations of the settlements, while comparisons between sites within a region may show how different or similar the areas were.

The study of animal remains, especially bones, from archaeological contexts: Archaeozoology involves the identification and analysis of animal species as an aid to reconstructing human diets, determining the impact of animals on past economies, and in understanding the environment at the time the remains were deposited.

A branch of geology that studies the geological formations of the remote past: Archeogeology integrates some archaeological fields with relevant geological sciences to investigate the geological effects on historical sites, monuments, and other properties concerning constructive materials (type, situation, and position of mines and other natural resources) and destructive geological forces in the environment, such as earthquakes, faults, and earth movements.

Archeogeologies make use of geological maps that indicate prehistoric layers of the earth's crust, faults, hisoric and recently found mines, hydrology layers, and seismological information all of which provide basic information in this field.