electro-, electr-, electri-

Someone who studies or is a specialist in the field of electrometallurgy which is the branch of metallurgy that deals with the applications of electricity to metallurgical processes; such as, the use of electricity as a source of heat in refining metals.

1. The range of metallurgical processes in which electricity has a key role; for example, electroplating and the use of arc furnaces.
2. A branch of metallurgy which deals with the processing of metals to reduce metallic compounds by means of electricity.
3. The art and the science of extracting and refining metal values from ores by electrical or electrochemical processes.
4. The process dealing with the use of electricity for smelting or refining of metals.

The electrochemical effect of an electric current brings about the reduction of metallic compounds, and thereby the extraction of metals from their ores (electrowinning) or the purification of the metals (electrorefining).

1. A sensitive device for measuring extremely low voltages by means of the forces of attraction and repulsion between charged bodies on plates or wires.
2. An instrument for detecting or determining the magnitude of a potential difference or charge by the electrostatic forces between charged bodies.
3. A fundamental instrument in which potential is measured by the attraction between two oppositely charged disks.
4. An instrument for measuring the quantity or intensity of electricity; also, sometimes, and less properly, applied to an instrument that indicates the presence of electricity; also called an electroscope.
5. An instrument used to determine fluctuations in electrostatic potential difference between charged electrodes due to radiation.

1. An amplifier circuit characterized by low-current drift and input-current offsets, and adequate power and current sensitivities, such that it is capable of measuring extremely low current variations in a circuit.
2. A low-noise amplifier having sufficiently low current drift and other characteristics required for measuring very low currents.

1. A component in an electrometer that has a high input impedance and a low control-electrode conductance, facilitating the measurement of extremely low direct current or voltage.
2. A high-vacuum electron tube having a high input impedance (low control-electrode conductance) to facilitate the measurement of extremely small direct currents or voltages.

A method of titration in which the end point is detected by measuring the change in potential across suitable electrodes or the change of electric conductance or other electric property during titration (way of determining the concentration of a solution).

1. A reference to the use of an instrument for measuring differences in electrical charges or potentials.
2. Any of several types of instruments which are actuated by the forces between charged bodies and are used to indicate the presence of ionizing radiation and to measure potential differences; for example, an electroscope.

1. An electrical record of a locomotive regarding its speed and the number and duration of its stops.
2. In medicine, an instrument which can record changes in the electrical potentials of uterine muscles.

The measurement of electricity with an electrometer which measures the differences in electrical charges or potentials.

1. The motion of ions in a metal conductor within an integrated circuit, typically in aluminum surfaces in response to high current passage.

It causes voids (empty spaces) in the conductor that can grow until current flow is blocked.

Its destructive effects are aggravated at high temperature and high-current flow, but these effects can be minimized by limiting current densities and alloying the aluminum with copper or titanium.

2. A detrimental effect occurring in transistors employing aluminum metallization schemes.

Electromigration of aluminum results from the mass transportation of metal by momentum exchanges between thermally activated metal ions and conduction electrons.

When it occurs, the ideally uniform aluminum film reconstructs to form thin conductor regions and extruded-like hillocks (hills or bumps) that may cause the transistor's destruction.

1. A reference to moving under the influence of electric currents.
2. Relating to the transfer of mass which occurs in a metal as a result of the movement of ions under the influence of an electrical current.
3. Pertaining to a procedure that is used to separate isotopes; as in chemistry.

1. In absorption spectroscopy, the measurement of changes in the transmittance or reflectance of a sample solution induced by an externally applied electric field.
2. The process of modulation spectroscopy in which changes are measured during the transmission or the reflection spectra produced by modifying an electric field.

1. The motion of electricity or its passage from one metal to another in a voltaic circuit.
2. A mechanical action, motion, or force produced by an electric current.

1. Causing the movement of electric charges which result in the flow of electrical current.
2. Relating to or producing an electric current or electric action.
3. A reference to the passage of electricity in a current or a motion produced by it.

A list of elements arranged according to their standard electrode potentials, with noble metals; such as, gold, being positive and active metals, including zinc, being negative.