1. Psychiatry that relates mental or emotional disturbance to disordered brain function; neurology and psychiatry as a single discipline.
2. The specialty dealing with both organic and psychic disorders of the nervous system; this is an earlier term for psychiatry.

Behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry are disciplines within the clinical neurosciences that focus on the clinical and pathological aspects of neural processes associated with cognition, emotion, and behavior.

Advances in structural and functional brain imaging, clinical electrophysiology, and experimental psychology over the last decades produced a significant growth in the clinical neurosciences, and changed fundamentally the manner in which normal and disturbed cognition, emotion, and behavior are understood clinically.