2. In thermodynamics, the unproven theory that when a machine produces work, it can continue to operate for an indefinite time solely by the use of its own energy.
Various supposed perpetual motion machines have been described in the past before a valid understanding of the laws of thermodynamics became accepted.
2. An actual body whose behavior approaches that of an ideal rigid body; such as, a steel beam.
3. An idealized extended solid whose size and shape are definitely fixed and remain unaltered when forces are applied.
The rigid body assumption is a mathematical convenience that is useful and gives correct results for many important phenomena.
The deferent is the large circular orbit around which a planet was thought to orbit, in one or many epicycles.
Epicycles are circular orbits within orbits that were used to (incorrectly) describe the orbits of objects in the Ptolemaic system (about A.D. 150).
Epicycles and deferents were used to predict orbits until Kepler discovered the elliptical nature of orbits (early in the 1600's).
Retrograde motion is simply an optical illusion, created by the fact that the earth is orbiting the sun much faster than the outer planets are.
2. The clockwise, or east to west, motion of a body, and hence the reverse of direct motion.As the majority of bodies in the solar-system orbit around their governing bodies; that is, the sun or planet, in direct motion; the occurrence of retrograde motion usually indicates some peculiarity.