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German
Names of months and days in German.
This entry is located in the following unit: Calendar, Month and Day Names in Different Languages (page 1)
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Units related to: “german
(Month and Day Names)
(German: Wismut [wise, “meadow”] plus [mut, “claim to a mine”]; changed to bismat; metal)
(German: Kobalt; also Kobolt, a goblin, evil spirit, or malicious sprite; metal)
(German: Nickel, name for "Satan"; kupfernickel, meaning "Devil’s copper" or "St Nicholas’s (Old Nick’s) copper"; metal)
(German: radiation, "x-ray"; X-ray; 1896, translation of German X-strahl, from X, "algebraic symbol for an unknown quantity", + Strahl, "beam, ray")
(Modern Latin: chemical element; from a Latin word Hassias meaning “Hess”, the German state of Hessen; radioactive metal)
(Named for German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen)
(Modern Latin: from Swedish, tung sten, "heavy stone"; the symbol is from German Wolfram;, named for the tungsten mineral wolframite; metal)
(Modern Latin: from German, zink; metal)
(Latin: pertaining to the Teutonic people of central Europe [possibly from a Celtic word meaning "neighbor"], similar to Old Irish gair, "neighbor"; pertaining to Germany)
(Greek heuriskein and Modern Latin heuristicus and from German heuristisch; "to invent, to discover")
(German anatomist (October 17, 1781 - October 31, 1833), Halle, Prussia)
Word Entries containing the term: “german
German (Deutsch) days
Montag (Monday)
Dienstag (Tuesday)
Mittwoch (Wednesday)
Donnerstag (Thursday)

Freitag (Friday)
Samstag/Sonnabend (Saturday)
Sonntag (Sunday)

Dienstag does not necessarily mean, "day of service" as many Germans believe.

Originally, the "week" came from the Babylonians and then through the Jews to the Greeks and the Romans.

The days of the week were named after the gods of the seven ancient planets (thought to be the sun, moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn). The Germanic people learned about the planets from the Romans in about the 4th century A.D. and replaced the names with those of their corresponding German (Teutonic) gods.

The name Dienstag spread from the Lower Rhine in their dialect as Dinges, Dinsdach, and from the Middle Netherlands as Dinxendach which apparently goes back to an inscription which is Roman-Frisian from the third century A.D. named for the god Mars, Thingsus, the Thing, "protector".

Originally from Old English ping, "condition, state, meeting, court of justice"; related to pingian, "to intercede, to plead, to arrange"; Old Saxon, Old Frisian, thing, Old Norse, ping, "assembly"; Middle Dutch, dinc; Dutch, ding; Old High German, thing, ding; Middle High German, dinc, "assembly"; German Ding, "thing".

All of these words stand for the Indo-European tenkos, from the base ten-, "to extend (in space or in time)", and originally denoted "meeting at a fixed time", whence developed the meanings "affairs, things, thing". Gothic Peihs, "time"; originally meant "assembly taking place at a fixed time".

The word is a copy of the Latin Martis dies. The Germanic god is the equivalent of "heaven’s god" (himmel’s gott).

In Old High German, it was Ziu; in Old English, it was Tiw; and in Old Icelandic, it was Tyr [the name is originally related to the Greek god, Zeus, who as the god of war was changed to the equivalent Roman god, Mars.

The name of this god was also maintained in other names of the week days. For example, Alemannisch was Zistig; Middle High German, Ziestac; Old High German, Ziostag; Old English Tiwesdaeg; and Old Icelandic, Tysdagr; then Swedish, Tisdag; and English, Tuesday.

Corresponding to these names is the Bavarian, Ertag or Erchtag (Dienstag) as a word from the Gothic mission borrowed from the Greek Areos Hemera (day of Ares, meaning Mars, and Ziu). The Bavarian and Alemanisch dialect words were superseded in the 17th century by Dienstag.


—Based on information from
Duden Etymologie, Herkunftswörterbuch der deutschen Sprache;
edited by Günther Drosdowski and Paul Grebe;
Bibliographisches Institut; Mannheim, Germany; 1963.

Noah Webster wrote that one of the meanings for Saxon thing is "a meeting, council or convention"; thingan, thingian, "to hold a meeting, to plead, to supplicate".

He goes on to say that German ding, "a thing, a court"; dingen, "to go to law, to hire or to haggle; Dingstag, Tuesday, "thing’s day"; beding, "condition, clause".

The primary sense of the root, which is tig or thig, is "to press, to urge, to drive or to strain", and hence, its application to "courts", or "suits at law"; "a seeking of right".

We observe that Dingsdag, Dingdag, in some of the dialects signifies "Tuesday", and this from the circumstance that that day of the week was, as it still is in some states, the day of opening courts; that is, litigation day, or suitors' day, a day of striving for justice; or perhaps "combatday", the day of trial by battle.

This leads to the unfolding of another fact. Among our ancestors, Tig or Tiig, was the name of the deity of combat and war, the Teutonic Mars; that is, strife, combat deified.

This word was contracted into tiw or tu, and hence Tiwesdæg or Tuesdæg, and then Tuesday, the day consecrated to Tiig, the god of war.

It seems this is merely the day of commencing court and trial; litigation day. This Tiig, the "god of war", is strife, and this leads us to the root of thing, which is "to drive, to urge, to strive".

From Noah Webster's definition of Tuesday, we find Tiwæsdæ or Tuesdæy comes from Tig, Tiig or Tuisco, the Mars of our ancestors the deity that presided over combats, strife and litigation. Hence Tuesday is court day, assize* day; the day for combat or commencing litigation.

*Assize (uh-SIGHZ) originally was an assembly of knights and other "substantial" men. It is now considered an enactment made by a legislative assembly.


—Based on information from:
An American Dictionary of the English Language by Noah Webster;
Johnson Reprint Corporation; New York & London; 1970.

Mittwoch

Apparently once the "fourth day" of the German week, Mittwoch, Middle High German Mit[te]woche, and before that it was Mitta-wewha in Late Old High German, which was the church (vulgar) Latin translation of "media Hebdomas".

Old High German Mittawewha has grown together from the adjective mitta (Old High German Mitti), meaning "located in the middle". The Roman Catholic Church tried to get rid of the memories of the pagan gods and goddesses by deleting formerly used Wuo-tanestag (Netherlands Woenstag; English Wednesday, and Swedish Onsdag) which were Wodansdag (Odinsdag) or tag, but now it simply means "middle-of-the-week" or Mittwoch.


—Based on information from:
Duden Etymologie, Herkunftswörterbuch der deutschen Sprache;
edited by Günther Drosdowski and Paul Grebe;
Bibliographisches Institut; Mannheim, Germany; 1963.

Sonnabend

"Saturday" may either be Samstag or (in some instances) Sonnabend, which means "evening before sun(day)".

Based on an Old English (Anglo-Saxon) formation, brought to Europe from England by St. Boniface (Wynfrid or Wynfrith), ca. 675-754 A.D.; during his Christian-missionary efforts to Germany.

Old English sunnan-aefen first meant the evening before Sunday, then it became sonnanaband in Old High German, and later in Middle High German sun(nen) abent. This word later referred to the whole day, not just the evening.


—Based on information from:
Duden Etymologie, Herkunftswörterbuch der deutschen Sprache;
edited by Günther Drosdowski and Paul Grebe; Bibliographisches Institut;
Mannheim, Germany; 1963.


This entry is located in the following unit: Calendar Names of Days and Months in Different Languages (page 4)
German (Deutsch) months
Januar (January)
Februar (February)
März (March)
April (April)
Mai (May)
Juni (June)
Juli (July)
August (August)
September (September)
Oktober (October)
November (November)
Dezember (December)
—Based on information from
Say it in German by Gustave Mathieu and Guy Stern;
Dover Publications, Inc.; New York; 1957.

Earlier German months


    The following is based on information from an old 1665 German calendar:


  • Jenner (January)
  • Hornung (February)
  • Mertz (March)
  • Aprill (April)
  • May (May)
  • Brachmond (June)
  • Heumond (July)
  • Augstmond (August)
  • Herbstmond (September)
  • Weinmond (October)
  • Wintermond(November)
  • Christmond (December)


There was once a time when Germans had additioinal meanings for the months such as:


January, "bare month (the bare, naked month), hard month, winter month, ice month, wolf month, threshing month, month of calves, and Great Horn."

February, "last winter month, wood month fox month, [and] Little Horn."

March, "(first) ploughing month, drying month, spring month, sowing month, pruning month, vernal month, [and] spring."

April, "second ploughing month, spring month, grass month, shepherds’ month, cuckoo month, [and] rough month."

May, "month of joy, month of flowers, [and] bean month."

June, "fallow month, dog month, rose month, [and] pasture month."

July, "(first) hay month, dog month, hay-harvest, [and] cutting (i.e. of the hay."

August, "(second) harvest month, cutting month, [and] month of fruit."

September, "second cutting of oats, (first) autumn month, sowing month, barley month, boar month, bean-harvest, first autumn, over-autumn, [and] autumn sowing."

October, "(first or second) autumn month, first winter month, sowing month, [and] slaughtering month."

November, "(second or third) autumn month, winter month, leaf month, month of rime, month of winds, month of dirt, hard month, slaughtering month, full month, wolf month, [and] acorn month."

December, "fourth autumn month, (second) winter month, hard month, slaughtering month, month of bacon, wolf month, hare month, [and] second winter."


There were also some names borrowed from Christian feasts and saints; days, such as (New) Year month and the synonymous kalemænd equals Calends month (January), Fassnachtmænd or Olle Wiwermænd(February), Klibelmænd Conception of the Virgin (March) and Holy Month or Christ Month.


—Based on information from
Primitive Time-Reckoning, A Study in the Origins and First Development of the Art of Counting Time among the Primitive and Early Culture Peoples
by Martin P. Nilsson, professor of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History
in the University of Lund; Sweden C.W.K. Gleerup; 1920.

This entry is located in the following unit: Calendar Names of Days and Months in Different Languages (page 4)
Wife-beating is "sanctioned" by Koran according to a German judge

A German judge has stirred a storm of protest in Frankfurt, Germany, by citing the Koran in turning down a German Muslim wife's request for a fast-track divorce on the ground that her husband beat her.

In a remarkable ruling that underlines the tension between Muslim customs and European laws, the judge, Christa Datz-Winter, said the couple came from a Moroccan cultural environment in which it is common for husbands to beat their wives. The Koran, she wrote, sanctions such physical abuse.

News of the ruling brought swift and sharp condemnation from politicians, legal experts, and Muslim leaders in Germany; many of whom said they were confounded that a German judge would put seventh-century Islamic religious teaching ahead of German law in deciding a case of domestic violence.

While legal experts said the ruling was a judicial misstep rather than evidence of a broader trend, it comes at a time of rising tensions in Germany and elsewhere in Europe, as authorities in many fields struggle to reconcile Western values with their burgeoning Muslim minorities.

Last fall, a Berlin opera house canceled performances of a modified Mozart opera because of security fears stirred by an added scene that depicted the severed head of the Prophet Muhammad.

Stung by charges that it had surrendered its artistic freedom, it staged the opera three months later without incident.

To some people here, the ruling reflects a similar compromising of basic values in the name of cultural sensitivity.

Muslim leaders agreed that Muslims living here must be judged by the German legal code, but they were just as offended by what they characterized as the judge's misinterpretation of a much-debated passage in the Koran governing relations between husbands and wives.

For some people, the greatest damage done by this episode is to other Muslim women suffering from domestic abuse. Many already fear going to court against their spouses.

There have been a series of so-called "honor killings" here in which Turkish Muslim men have murdered women.

—Compiled from excerpts of an article,
"German judge rouses anger by citing Koran: She claims it sanctions wife-beating";
by Mark Landler; International Herald Tribune; March 23, 2007; pages 1 & 4.
This entry is located in the following unit: sanct-, sancti- (page 3)