1. A powdered substance composed primarily of burned clay and limestone that is mixed with water, sand, and gravel to form concrete.
2. In geology, any chemically precipitated material or ore mineral that minds together loose particles of sediment into coherent rock.
3. Any substance; such as, a preparation of glue, red lead, or lime, the hardening of which causes objects between which it is applied to adhere firmly.
4. Any compound or substance applied in the form of a mortar and used for producing a hard and stony, smooth, water proof surface, coating, filling, or lining; as, for a floor or a cistern.

Ordinary cement is made by heating limestone and clay, or a natural rock containing both materials in the right proportions. When it hardens under water, it is called hydraulic cement

5. That which serves to bind people or special interests together.
6. Auriferous gravel held together by a clay or silicic bond; also, the binding substance.
7. Etymology: from Old French ciment, which came from Latin cæmenta, "stone chips used for making mortar", from cædere, "to cut down, chop, beat, hew, fell, slay".

The evolution of the meaning, "small broken stones" to "powdered stones used in construction", took place before the word became a part of English.