A court proceeding; either civil, to enforce a right, or criminal, to punish an offender.

Court litigation where opposing parties litigate an issue involving an alleged wrongdoing which may be for the protection of a right or for the prevention of a wrong.

The body of laws, rules, orders, and regulations created by an administrative agency.

Legal opinions having the status of law as enunciated by the courts; for example, U.S. Supreme Court decisions become case law and governing cases when identical or very similar cases are subsequently heard in lower courts.

The relation between the red shift of a a distant galaxy and its distance from us, the constant of proportionality being Hubble's constant.

The reciprocal of Hubble's constant can give an estimate of the age of the universe in the big bang theory.

A rule devised by Georg Simon Ohm, a 19th-century German physicist, to formulate the relationship between the electric current passing through the material of an electrical circuit and the resistance of the material in the electrical circuit.

The basic statement made by Ohm's law is that the current in any circuit is proportional to the voltage that is applied to the circuit.

The value of the resistance depends on the material of which the circuit is made and varies with the temperature of the material. A pure metal whose temperature is drastically reduced usually has its resistivity lowered by many orders of magnitude.

Ohm's law is extremely useful in the design and analysis of electric circuits made of many different kinds of material.

1. A relationship to indicate the frequency of the occurrene of sunspots and their progressive movements to lower latitudes on the sun.
2. This "law" predicts the variation of sunspot latitudes during a solar cycle and refers to changes in the amount of total solar radiation and its spectral distribution.
3. The tendency of sunspots to appear at the start of the sun's eleven-year sunspot cycle at high solar latitudes, and for later sunspots to appear at successively lower solar latitudes, before starting the next cycle at the higher latitudes again.

1. An empirical rule giving the approximate distances of planets from the sun.

It was first announced in 1766 by the German astronomer Johann Daniel Titius but was popularized only from 1772 by his countryman Johann Elert Bode.

Once thought to have some significance regarding the formation of the solar system, Bode’s law is now generally regarded as a numerological curiosity with no known justification.

2. An empirical law that generates the distances of planets and the position of the minor planet belt from the sun in astronomical units.