1. X-ray imaging of the heart and great vessels made visible by injection of a radiopaque solution.
2. Angiography of the heart and great vessels; contrast material may be injected into a blood vessel or one of the cardiac chambers.

Images obtained can be analyzed to determine parameters of ventricular function, including ventricular ejection fractions, cardiac output, ejection rates, stroke volume, end-diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume, as well as to test the effects of exercise.